KEY WORDS
CLINICAL TIPS - I
CLINICAL TIPS - II
INTRODUCTION - I
INTRODUCTION - II
INTRODUCTION - III
OSMOTIC STIMULUS - I
OSMOTIC STIMULUS - II
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADH, OSMOLALITY & THIRST
HOW DOES ADH EXERT ITS EFFECT?
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) - I
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) - II
NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES - I
NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES - II
HYPONATRAEMIA - CLINICAL FEATURES - I
HYPONATRAEMIA - CLINICAL FEATURES - II
CLINICAL FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE HYPONATREMIA
TYPES OF HYPONATRAEMIA, LEARNING BITES
HYPOTONIC HYPONATRAEMIA
HYPOVOLAEMIC HYPONATRAEMIA - I
HYPOVOLAEMIC HYPONATRAEMIA - II
STEPS TO BE TAKEN (CODE OF PRACTICE, 3.10-3.16) - I
STEPS TO BE TAKEN (CODE OF PRACTICE, 3.10-3.16) - II
HYPOVOLAEMIC HYPONATRAEMIA
EUVOLAEMIC HYPONATRAEMIA
COMMON CAUSES OF EUVOLAEMIC HYPONATRAEMIA - I
COMMON CAUSES OF EUVOLAEMIC HYPONATRAEMIA - II
EUVOLAEMIC HYPONATRAEMIA - I
EUVOLAEMIC HYPONATRAEMIA - II
SIADH - I
SIADH - II
SIADH - III
SIADH - IV
SIADH CASE 1
DRUG-INDUCED HYPONATRAEMIA - I
DRUG-INDUCED HYPONATRAEMIA - II
SIADH CASE 2
NORMOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC HYPONATRAEMIA - I
NORMOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC HYPONATRAEMIA - II
NORMOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC HYPONATRAEMIA - III
NORMOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC HYPONATRAEMIA - IV
INVESTIGATIONS - I
INVESTIGATIONS - II
URINE OSMOLALITY AND URINE SODIUM
DIAGNOSIS AND INVESTIGATION - I
DIAGNOSIS AND INVESTIGATION - II
TREATMENT OF HYPONATRAEMIA
ADDRESSING THE CAUSE - I
ADDRESSING THE CAUSE - II
ADDRESSING THE CAUSE - III
URGENT MEASURES - I
URGENT MEASURES - II
URGENT MEASURES - III
URGENT MEASURES - IV
URGENT MEASURES - V
URGENT MEASURES - VI
URGENT MEASURES - VII
URGENT MEASURES - VIII
PHARMACOLOGICAL OPTIONS
DEMECLOCYCLINE
SIADH CASE 3 - I
SIADH CASE 3 - II
SIADH CASE 4
THANK YOU!
1.Mild or chronic, or liver disease.
2.Patients who have moderate to severe hyponatraemia may be asymptomatic. Acute or severe hyponatraemia can cause symptoms.
3.Symptoms include confusion, gait abnormalities, neurological signs, seizures, and impaired consciousness.
4.The risk of hyponatraemic encephalopathy is highest in those with severely low sodium concentrations or when the sodium concentration has fallen rapidly (in less than 48 hours) as this overwhelms the brain's compensatory mechanisms.
5.Excessively fast correction of hyponatraemia can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), which is most marked in the brainstem.
